31 U.S.C. § 3352 — Estimates of improper payments and reports on actions to reduce improper payments
submitted 6 years ago by Pub. L. 116-117 to r/title-31-MONEY-AND-FINANCE · 3,448 words · no verdicts yet
This section requires executive agencies to identify programs at risk of improper payments, estimate those payments, report on prevention and recovery, and conduct cost-effective recovery audits. It assigns oversight and reporting duties to the Office of Management and Budget and Inspectors General.
(a) Each executive-agency head must periodically review the agency’s programs and activities under OMB guidance and identify those with outlays above the statutory threshold that may be susceptible to significant improper payments. The review must occur for each program at least once every three fiscal years. “Significant” means that, in the prior fiscal year, improper payments plus payments whose propriety cannot be determined because documentation is lacking or insufficient may have exceeded either $10 million and 1.5 percent of the agency’s reported payments, or $100 million. The agency head must consider the listed risk factors, including the program’s newness, complexity, payment* volume, outside eligibility decisions, major changes, staff training, audit findings, similarities to risky programs, prior estimates and other identified indicators, missing information systems, and fraud risk under the Government Accountability Office’s “Green Book.” Each agency must publish an annual report listing identified programs and their latest risk-assessment dates, and programs whose review methods changed substantially.
(b) Each year OMB must identify high-priority Federal programs with the highest dollar value or rate of improper payments, or a higher risk of them, and set annual targets and semiannual or quarterly actions with the responsible agency. Subject to Federal privacy policies and to the extent permitted by law, each agency with such a program must annually submit to its Inspector General and OMB, and make available to the public, a report describing actions taken or planned to recover improper payments and prevent future ones. The public report must exclude referrals made or expected to be made to the Department of Justice and information provided in connection with those referrals. OMB must put each report on a central website. The Inspector General must review the program’s risk assessment, estimates and methods, and controls, and recommend plan changes to Congress. At least once a year, the agency head or designee must meet with OMB about actions taken and planned.
(c) For each identified program, the agency head must produce a statistically valid estimate, or another OMB-approved estimate, of improper payments and include it with the agency’s annual financial statement*. A payment whose propriety cannot be determined because documentation is lacking or insufficient counts as improper; the agency head may separately report that portion.
(d) With the estimate, the agency head must report causes, corrective actions and dates; whether the agency has needed internal controls, human capital, information systems, and infrastructure; requested resources if controls are insufficient; approved program- and activity-specific reduction targets; accountability through performance-appraisal criteria for managers, programs, and when appropriate State* and local governments; controls that prevent, detect, and recover improper payments; and how planned or completed actions match the amount of improper payments, by category and timeline.
(e) For improper payments identified in a recovery audit*, the agency head must report recovery methods; recovered, outstanding, and uncollectable amounts and their percentages; reasons for uncollectability; an aging schedule; disposition of recovered amounts; causes and corrective work; and, if applicable, why recovery audits were not cost-effective.
(f) Each fiscal year OMB must report to the listed congressional committees and the Comptroller General on agency reporting and recovery actions. The report must summarize agency reports, identify compliance* status under section 3353, give Government-wide targets and an estimate, and discuss progress. (g) Within one year, OMB must issue guidance without unauthorized exemptions, covering report forms and prepayment and postpayment controls. (h) Existing agency-readiness criteria under the cited 2010 Act continue and may be modified by OMB.
(i) Unless another law prohibits it, each agency must conduct a cost-effective recovery audit for each program or activity spending at least $1 million annually, subject to the stated exception. The audits must prioritize recent payments and programs identified as significantly vulnerable, seek the greatest Federal financial benefit, and may be conducted by the agency, another Federal agency, or a private contractor. Contractors may notify entities of possible overpayments, answer questions, and take authorized administrative actions, but may not make final overpayment or settlement decisions. Contracts must require reports on causes and recommendations, notice of out-of-scope overpayments, fraud reporting and training, and annual agency reporting on actions taken. Agencies must act promptly and forward relevant information. After amounts needed under section 3562(a), collected amounts are distributed as the statute provides: up to 25 percent for the agency’s financial-management improvement program, up to 25 percent for the original purpose subject to the stated expiration rules, up to 5 percent for Inspector General activities, and the remainder to the Treasury, with trust and special-fund recoveries reverting to those accounts. These distribution rules apply only to the specified discretionary appropriations and do not apply while the original appropriation remains unexpired. Agencies must run financial-management improvement programs, first addressing improper-payment problems. Nongovernmental entities may not disclose identifying information except for recovery activity or oversight unless the individual authorizes another use. Existing recovery authorities otherwise remain unchanged.
The head of each executive agency shall, in accordance with guidance prescribed by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget—
periodically review all programs and activities that the head of the executive agency administers; and
identify all programs and activities with outlays exceeding the statutory threshold dollar amount described in paragraph (3)(A)(i) that may be susceptible to significant improper payments.
A review under paragraph (1) shall be performed for each program and activity that the head of an executive agency administers not less frequently than once every 3 fiscal years.
In this paragraph, the term “significant” means that, in the preceding fiscal year, the sum of a program or activity’s improper payments and payments whose propriety cannot be determined by the executive agency due to lacking or insufficient documentation may have exceeded—
$10,000,000 of all reported program or activity payments of the executive agency made during that fiscal year and 1.5 percent of program outlays; or
$100,000,000.
In conducting a review under paragraph (1), the head of each executive agency shall take into account those risk factors that are likely to contribute to a susceptibility to significant improper payments, such as—
whether the program or activity reviewed is new to the executive agency;
the complexity of the program or activity reviewed;
the volume of payments made through the program or activity reviewed;
whether payments or payment* eligibility decisions are made outside of the executive agency, such as by a State* or local government;
recent major changes in program funding, authorities, practices, or procedures;
the level, experience, and quality of training for personnel responsible for making program eligibility determinations or certifying that payments are accurate;
significant deficiencies in the audit report of the executive agency or other relevant management findings that might hinder accurate payment certification;
similarities to other programs or activities that have reported improper payment* estimates or been deemed susceptible to significant improper payments;
the accuracy and reliability of improper payment estimates previously reported for the program or activity, or other indicator of potential susceptibility to improper payments identified by the Inspector General of the executive agency, the Government Accountability Office, other audits performed by or on behalf of the Federal, State, or local government, disclosures by the executive agency, or any other means;
whether the program or activity lacks information or data systems to confirm eligibility or provide for other payment integrity needs; and
the risk of fraud as assessed by the executive agency under the Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government published by the Government Accountability Office (commonly known as the “Green Book”).
Each executive agency shall publish an annual report that includes—
a listing of each program or activity identified under paragraph (1), including the date on which the program or activity was most recently assessed for risk under paragraph (1); and
a listing of any program or activity for which the executive agency makes any substantial changes to the methodologies of the reviews conducted under paragraph (1).
The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall on an annual basis—
identify a list of high-priority Federal programs for greater levels of oversight and review—
in which the highest dollar value or highest rate of improper payments occur; or
for which there is a higher risk of improper payments; and
in coordination with the executive agency responsible for administering a high-priority program identified under subparagraph (A), establish annual targets and semi-annual or quarterly actions for reducing improper payments associated with the high-priority program.
Subject to Federal privacy policies and to the extent permitted by law, each executive agency with a program identified under paragraph (1)(A) shall on an annual basis submit to the Inspector General of the executive agency and the Office of Management and Budget, and make available to the public, including through a website, a report on that program.
Each report submitted under subparagraph (A)—
shall describe any action the executive agency—
has taken or plans to take to recover improper payments; and
intends to take to prevent future improper payments; and
shall not include—
any referrals the executive agency made or anticipates making to the Department of Justice; or
any information provided in connection with a referral described in subclause (I).
The Office of Management and Budget shall make each report submitted under subparagraph (A) available on a central website.
Subparagraph (B)(ii) shall not prohibit any referral or information being made available to an Inspector General as otherwise provided by law.
The Inspector General of each executive agency that submits a report under subparagraph (A) shall, for each program of the executive agency that is identified under paragraph (1)(A)—
review—
the assessment of the level of risk associated with the program and the quality of the improper payment estimates and methodology of the executive agency relating to the program; and
the oversight or financial controls to identify and prevent improper payments under the program; and
submit to the appropriate authorizing and appropriations committees of Congress recommendations, which may be included in another report submitted by the Inspector General to Congress, for modifying any plans of the executive agency relating to the program, including improvements for improper payments determination and estimation methodology.
Not less frequently than once every year, the head of each executive agency with a program identified under paragraph (1)(A), or a designee of the head of the executive agency, shall meet with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, or a designee of the Director, to report on actions taken during the preceding year and planned actions to prevent improper payments.
With respect to each program and activity identified under subsection (a)(1), the head of the relevant executive agency shall—
produce a statistically valid estimate, or an estimate that is otherwise appropriate using a methodology approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, of the improper payments made under the program or activity; and
include the estimates described in subparagraph (A) in the accompanying materials to the annual financial statement* of the executive agency and as required in applicable guidance of the Office of Management and Budget.
For the purpose of producing an estimate under paragraph (1), when the executive agency cannot determine, due to lacking or insufficient documentation, whether a payment is proper or not, the payment shall be treated as an improper payment.
The head of an executive agency may report separately on what portion of the improper payments estimate for a program or activity of the executive agency under paragraph (1) is attributable to lacking or insufficient documentation.
With respect to any program or activity of an executive agency with estimated improper payments under subsection (c), the head of the executive agency shall provide with the estimate required under subsection (c) a report on what actions the executive agency is taking to reduce improper payments, including—
a description of the causes of the improper payments, actions planned or taken to correct those causes, and the planned or actual completion date of the actions taken to address those causes;
in order to reduce improper payments to a level below which further expenditures to reduce improper payments would cost more than the amount those expenditures would save in prevented or recovered improper payments, a statement of whether the executive agency has what is needed with respect to—
internal controls;
human capital; and
information systems and other infrastructure;
if the executive agency does not have sufficient resources to establish and maintain effective internal controls as described in paragraph (2)(A), a description of the resources the executive agency has requested in the budget submission of the executive agency to establish and maintain those internal controls;
program-specific and activity-specific improper payments reduction targets that have been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget;
a description of the steps the executive agency has taken to ensure that executive agency managers, programs, and, where appropriate, States and local governments are held accountable through annual performance appraisal criteria for—
meeting applicable improper payments reduction targets; and
establishing and maintaining sufficient internal controls, including an appropriate control environment, that effectively—
prevent improper payments from being made; and
promptly detect and recover improper payments that are made; and
a description of how the level of planned or completed actions by the executive agency to address the causes of the improper payments matches the level of improper payments, including a breakdown by category of improper payment and specific timelines for completion of those actions.
With respect to improper payments identified in a recovery audit*, the head of the executive agency shall provide with the estimate required under subsection (c) a report on all actions the executive agency is taking to recover the improper payments, including—
a discussion of the methods used by the executive agency to recover improper payments;
the amounts recovered, outstanding, and determined to not be collectable, including the percent those amounts represent of the total improper payments of the executive agency;
if a determination has been made that certain improper payments are not collectable, a justification of that determination;
an aging schedule of the amounts outstanding;
a summary of how recovered amounts have been disposed of;
a discussion of any conditions giving rise to improper payments and how those conditions are being resolved; and
if the executive agency has determined under subsection (i) that performing recovery audits for any applicable program or activity is not cost-effective, a justification for that determination.
Each fiscal year, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall submit a report with respect to the preceding fiscal year on actions that executive agencies have taken to report information regarding improper payments and actions to recover improper payments to—
the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate;
the Committee on Oversight and Reform of the House of Representatives; and
the Comptroller General of the United States.
Each report required under paragraph (1) shall include—
a summary of the reports of each executive agency on improper payments and recovery actions submitted under this section;
an identification of the compliance* status of each executive agency, as determined by the Inspector General of the executive agency under section 3353, to which this section applies;
Governmentwide improper payment reduction targets;
a Governmentwide estimate of improper payments; and
a discussion of progress made towards meeting Governmentwide improper payment reduction targets.
Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this section, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall prescribe guidance for executive agencies to implement the requirements of this section, which shall not include any exemptions to those requirements that are not specifically authorized by this section.
The guidance under paragraph (1) shall prescribe—
the form of the reports on actions to reduce improper payments, recovery actions, and Governmentwide reporting; and
strategies for addressing risks and establishing appropriate prepayment and postpayment internal controls.
The criteria required to be developed under section 2(g) of the Improper Payments Elimination and Recovery Act of 2010, as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this section—
shall continue to be in effect on and after the date of enactment of this section; and
may be modified as determined appropriate by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
Except as provided under paragraph (3) and if not prohibited under any other provision of law, the head of each executive agency shall conduct recovery audits with respect to each program and activity of the executive agency that expends $1,000,000 or more annually if conducting the audits would be cost effective.
In conducting a recovery audit under this subsection, the head of an executive agency—
shall give priority to the most recent payments and to payments made in any program identified as susceptible to significant improper payments under subsection (a);
shall implement this subsection in a manner designed to ensure the greatest financial benefit to the Federal Government; and
may conduct the recovery audit directly, by using other departments and agencies of the United States, or by procuring performance of recovery audits by private sector sources by contract, subject to the availability of appropriations, or by any combination thereof.
With respect to a recovery audit procured by an executive agency by contract—
subject to subparagraph (B)(iii), and except to the extent such actions are outside the authority of the executive agency under section 7103 of title 41, the head of the executive agency may authorize the contractor to—
notify entities, including individuals, of potential overpayments made to those entities;
respond to questions concerning potential overpayments; and
take other administrative actions with respect to an overpayment claim made or to be made by the executive agency; and
the contractor shall not have the authority to make a final determination relating to whether any overpayment occurred or whether to compromise, settle, or terminate an overpayment claim.
The executive agency shall include in each contract for procurement of performance of a recovery audit a requirement that the contractor shall—
provide to the executive agency periodic reports on conditions giving rise to overpayments identified by the contractor and any recommendations on how to mitigate those conditions;
notify the executive agency of any overpayments identified by the contractor pertaining to the executive agency or to any other executive agency that are beyond the scope of the contract; and
report to the executive agency credible evidence of fraud or vulnerabilities to fraud and conduct appropriate training of personnel of the contractor on identification of fraud.
Each executive agency shall, on an annual basis, include in annual financial statement of the executive agency a report on actions taken by the executive agency during the preceding fiscal year to address the recommendations described in clause (i)(I).
Each executive agency shall—
take prompt and appropriate action in response to a report or notification by a contractor under subclause (I) or (II) of subparagraph (D)(i) to collect an overpayment; and
forward to other executive agencies any information that applies to that executive agency.
Amounts collected by executive agencies each fiscal year through recovery audits shall be treated in accordance with this paragraph.
The head of an executive agency shall determine the distribution of collected amounts described in subparagraph (A), less amounts needed to fulfill the purposes of section 3562(a) of this title, in accordance with subparagraphs (C), (D), and (E).
Not more than 25 percent of the amounts collected by an executive agency through recovery audits—
shall be available to the head of the executive agency to carry out the financial management improvement program of the executive agency under paragraph (3);
may be credited, if applicable, for the purpose described in clause (i) by the head of an executive agency to any executive agency appropriations and funds that are available for obligation at the time of collection; and
shall be used to supplement and not supplant any other amounts available for the purpose described in clause (i) and shall remain available until expended.
Not more than 25 percent of the amounts collected by an executive agency through recovery audits—
shall be credited to the appropriation or fund, if any, available for obligation at the time of collection for the same general purposes as the appropriation or fund from which the overpayment was made;
shall remain available for the same period and purposes as the appropriation or fund to which credited; and
if the appropriation from which an overpayment was made has expired—
in the case of recoveries of overpayments that are made from a trust or special fund account, shall revert to that account; and
in the case of other recoveries of overpayments—
for amounts that are recovered more than 5 fiscal years from the last fiscal year in which the funds were available for obligation, shall be deposited in the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts; and
for other amounts, shall be newly available for the same time period as the funds were originally available for obligation.
Not more than 5 percent of the amounts collected by an executive agency through recovery audits—
shall be available to the Inspector General of that executive agency for—
the Inspector General to carry out this Act; or
any other activities of the Inspector General relating to investigating improper payments or auditing internal controls associated with payments; and
shall remain available for the same period and purposes as the appropriation or fund to which credited.
Amounts collected that are not applied in accordance with subparagraph (B), (C), (D), or (E) shall be deposited in the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts, except that in the case of recoveries of overpayments that are made from trust or special fund accounts, those amounts shall revert to those accounts.
This paragraph shall apply only to recoveries of overpayments that are made from discretionary appropriations, as defined in section 250(c)(7) of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (2 U.S.C. 900(c)(7)), and shall not apply to recoveries of overpayments that are made from discretionary amounts that were appropriated before the date of enactment of the Improper Payments Elimination and Recovery Act of 2010, as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this section.
This paragraph shall not apply to the recovery of an overpayment if the appropriation from which the overpayment was made has not expired.
The head of each executive agency shall conduct a financial management improvement program consistent with rules prescribed by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
In conducting a program described in subparagraph (A), the head of an executive agency—
shall, as the first priority of the program, address problems that contribute directly to executive agency improper payments; and
may seek to reduce errors and waste in other executive agency programs and operations.
Any nongovernmental entity that, in the course of recovery auditing or recovery activity under this subsection, obtains information that identifies an individual or with respect to which there is a reasonable basis to believe that the information can be used to identify an individual, may not disclose the information for any purpose other than the recovery auditing or recovery activity and governmental oversight of the activity, unless disclosure for that other purpose is authorized by the individual to the executive agency that contracted for the performance of the recovery auditing or recovery activity.
Except as provided under paragraph (4), nothing in this subsection shall be construed as terminating or in any way limiting authorities that are otherwise available to executive agencies under existing provisions of law to recover improper payments and use recovered amounts.
Source credit: (Added Pub. L. 116–117, § 2(a), Mar. 2, 2020, 134 Stat. 114.)
- 2020Enacted · Pub. L. 116-117 · 134 Stat. 114
A history note hasn’t been published yet. The record shows enactment by Pub. L. 116-117 on 2020-03-02.
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