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18 U.S.C. § 982 — Criminal forfeiture

submitted 40 years ago by Pub. L. 99-570 to r/title-18-CRIMES-AND-CRIMINAL-PROCEDURE · 976 words · no verdicts yet

in plain englishAI-generated · not legal advice

This section requires criminal defendants convicted of specified offenses to forfeit property connected to the offense or its proceeds. It also applies the forfeiture procedures in the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act, with a special limit on substitute assets for certain money-laundering intermediaries.

(a)(1) When sentencing someone convicted under 18 U.S.C. 1956, 1957, or 1960, the court must order forfeiture to the United States of property, real or personal, involved in the offense or traceable to it. (2) For the listed financial-institution offenses and other listed offenses, including conspiracies, the court must order forfeiture of property that is or comes from proceeds the person obtained directly or indirectly from the violation. (3) For the listed Federal-program, false-statement, major-fraud, insured-institution-asset, mail-fraud, and wire-fraud offenses involving assets held by the specified financial-institution conservators or receivers, the court must order forfeiture of property representing or traceable to the gross receipts. (4) For those offenses when committed to carry out or try to carry out a fraud scheme or obtain money or property through false statements, pretenses, representations, or promises, gross receipts include all property obtained directly or indirectly. (5) For convictions or conspiracies involving altering vehicle identification numbers, importing or exporting stolen vehicles, armed automobile robbery, transporting stolen vehicles interstate, or possessing or selling such vehicles, the court must order forfeiture of property representing or traceable to gross proceeds. (6) For the listed immigration, passport, visa, and related offenses, including specified conspiracies, the court must order forfeiture, regardless of State law, of every conveyance used in the offense and every property interest that is proceeds of, traceable to proceeds of, used to facilitate, or intended to facilitate the offense. (7) A person convicted of a Federal health care offense must forfeit property that directly or indirectly constitutes or comes from gross proceeds traceable to the offense. (8) For the listed identity, fraud, and financial offenses involving telemarketing (a term defined in section 2325), the defendant must forfeit property used or intended for use in committing, facilitating, or promoting the offense, and property constituting, derived from, or traceable to gross proceeds obtained from it. (b)(1) Seizure, disposition, and related judicial or administrative proceedings under this section follow 21 U.S.C. 853, except subsection (d) of that section. (2) The substitute-assets rule may not make a defendant forfeit assets instead of the actual laundered property when the defendant merely handled the property as an intermediary and did not retain it, unless the defendant carried out at least three separate transactions totaling $100,000 or more during any 12-month period.
the actual law source: uscode.house.gov ↗public domain
(a)
(1)

The court, in imposing sentence on a person convicted of an offense in violation of section 1956, 1957, or 1960 of this title, shall order that the person forfeit to the United States any property, real or personal, involved in such offense, or any property traceable to such property.

(2)

The court, in imposing sentence on a person convicted of a violation of, or a conspiracy to violate—

(A)

section 215, 656, 657, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1014, 1341, 1343, or 1344 of this title, affecting a financial institution, or

(B)

section 471, 472, 473, 474, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 481, 485, 486, 487, 488, 501, 502, 510, 542, 545, 555, 842, 844, 1028, 1029, or 1030 of this title,

shall order that the person forfeit to the United States any property constituting, or derived from, proceeds the person obtained directly or indirectly, as the result of such violation.

(3)

The court, in imposing a sentence on a person convicted of an offense under—

(A)

section 666(a)(1) (relating to Federal program fraud);

(B)

section 1001 (relating to fraud and false statements);

(C)

section 1031 (relating to major fraud against the United States);

(D)

section 1032 (relating to concealment of assets from conservator, receiver, or liquidating agent of insured financial institution);

(E)

section 1341 (relating to mail fraud); or

(F)

section 1343 (relating to wire fraud),

involving the sale of assets acquired or held by the the 1 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, as conservator or receiver for a financial institution or any other conservator for a financial institution appointed by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, or the National Credit Union Administration, as conservator or liquidating agent for a financial institution, shall order that the person forfeit to the United States any property, real or personal, which represents or is traceable to the gross receipts obtained, directly or indirectly, as a result of such violation.

(4)

With respect to an offense listed in subsection (a)(3) committed for the purpose of executing or attempting to execute any scheme or artifice to defraud, or for obtaining money or property by means of false or fraudulent statements, pretenses, representations, or promises, the gross receipts of such an offense shall include any property, real or personal, tangible or intangible, which is obtained, directly or indirectly, as a result of such offense.

(5)

The court, in imposing sentence on a person convicted of a violation or conspiracy to violate—

(A)

section 511 (altering or removing motor vehicle identification numbers);

(B)

section 553 (importing or exporting stolen motor vehicles);

(C)

section 2119 (armed robbery of automobiles);

(D)

section 2312 (transporting stolen motor vehicles in interstate commerce); or

(E)

section 2313 (possessing or selling a stolen motor vehicle that has moved in interstate commerce);

shall order that the person forfeit to the United States any property, real or personal, which represents or is traceable to the gross proceeds obtained, directly or indirectly, as a result of such violation.

(6)
(A)

The court, in imposing sentence on a person convicted of a violation of, or conspiracy to violate, section 274(a), 274A(a)(1), or 274A(a)(2) of the Immigration and Nationality Act or section 555, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, or 1546 of this title, or a violation of, or conspiracy to violate, section 1028 of this title if committed in connection with passport or visa issuance or use, shall order that the person forfeit to the United States, regardless of any provision of State law—

(i)

any conveyance, including any vessel, vehicle, or aircraft used in the commission of the offense of which the person is convicted; and

(ii)

any property real or personal—

(I)

that constitutes, or is derived from or is traceable to the proceeds obtained directly or indirectly from the commission of the offense of which the person is convicted; or

(II)

that is used to facilitate, or is intended to be used to facilitate, the commission of the offense of which the person is convicted.

(B)

The court, in imposing sentence on a person described in subparagraph (A), shall order that the person forfeit to the United States all property described in that subparagraph.

(7)

The court, in imposing sentence on a person convicted of a Federal health care offense, shall order the person to forfeit property, real or personal, that constitutes or is derived, directly or indirectly, from gross proceeds traceable to the commission of the offense.

(8)

The court, in sentencing a defendant convicted of an offense under section 1028, 1029, 1341, 1342, 1343, or 1344, or of a conspiracy to commit such an offense, if the offense involves telemarketing (as that term is defined in section 2325), shall order that the defendant forfeit to the United States any real or personal property—

(A)

used or intended to be used to commit, to facilitate, or to promote the commission of such offense; and

(B)

constituting, derived from, or traceable to the gross proceeds that the defendant obtained directly or indirectly as a result of the offense.

(b)
(1)

The forfeiture of property under this section, including any seizure and disposition of the property and any related judicial or administrative proceeding, shall be governed by the provisions of section 413 (other than subsection (d) of that section) of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21 U.S.C. 853).

(2)

The substitution of assets provisions of subsection 413(p) shall not be used to order a defendant to forfeit assets in place of the actual property laundered where such defendant acted merely as an intermediary who handled but did not retain the property in the course of the money laundering offense unless the defendant, in committing the offense or offenses giving rise to the forfeiture, conducted three or more separate transactions involving a total of $100,000 or more in any twelve month period.

Source credit: (Added Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1366(a), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–39; amended Pub. L. 100–690, title VI, §§ 6463(c), 6464, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4374, 4375; Pub. L. 101–73, title IX, § 963(c), Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 504; Pub. L. 101–647, title XIV, §§ 1401, 1403, title XXV, § 2525(b), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4835, 4874; Pub. L. 102–393, title VI, § 638(e), Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1788; Pub. L. 102–519, title I, § 104(b), Oct. 25, 1992, 106 Stat. 3385; Pub. L. 102–550, title XV, § 1512(c), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4058; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330011(s)(1), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2145; Pub. L. 104–191, title II, § 249(a), (b), Aug. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 2020; Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title II, § 217, Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–573; Pub. L. 105–184, § 2, June 23, 1998, 112 Stat. 520; Pub. L. 105–318, § 6(a), Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 3010; Pub. L. 106–185, § 18(b), Apr. 25, 2000, 114 Stat. 223; Pub. L. 107–56, title III, § 372(b)(2), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 339; Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, § 4002(b)(10), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1808; Pub. L. 109–295, title V, § 551(c), Oct. 4, 2006, 120 Stat. 1390; Pub. L. 110–161, div. E, title V, § 553(b), Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2082; Pub. L. 111–203, title III, § 377(4), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1569; Pub. L. 112–127, § 5, June 5, 2012, 126 Stat. 371.)

history & why it existsrecord from the source credit
  • 1986Enacted · Pub. L. 99-570 · 100 Stat. 3207
  • 1988Amended · Pub. L. 100-690 · 102 Stat. 4374, 4375
  • 1989Amended · Pub. L. 101-73 · 103 Stat. 504
  • 1990Amended · Pub. L. 101-647 · 104 Stat. 4835, 4874
  • 1992Amended · Pub. L. 102-393 · 106 Stat. 1788
  • 1992Amended · Pub. L. 102-519 · 106 Stat. 3385
  • 1992Amended · Pub. L. 102-550 · 106 Stat. 4058
  • 1994Amended · Pub. L. 103-322 · 108 Stat. 2145
  • 1996Amended · Pub. L. 104-191 · 110 Stat. 2020
  • 1996Amended · Pub. L. 104-208 · 110 Stat. 3009
  • 1998Amended · Pub. L. 105-184 · 112 Stat. 520
  • 1998Amended · Pub. L. 105-318 · 112 Stat. 3010
  • 2000Amended · Pub. L. 106-185 · 114 Stat. 223
  • 2001Amended · Pub. L. 107-56 · 115 Stat. 339
  • 2002Amended · Pub. L. 107-273 · 116 Stat. 1808
  • 2006Amended · Pub. L. 109-295 · 120 Stat. 1390
  • 2007Amended · Pub. L. 110-161 · 121 Stat. 2082
  • 2010Amended · Pub. L. 111-203 · 124 Stat. 1569
  • 2012Amended · Pub. L. 112-127 · 126 Stat. 371

A history note hasn’t been published yet. The record shows enactment by Pub. L. 99-570 on 1986-10-27.

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