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26 U.S.C. § 956Investment of earnings in United States property

submitted 64 years ago by Pub. L. 87-834 to r/title-26-INTERNAL-REVENUE-CODE · 1,527 words · no verdicts yet

in plain englishAI-generated · not legal advice

This section calculates a United States shareholder’s amount resulting from a controlled foreign corporation’s investment in United States property. It defines the property covered, lists exclusions, and provides rules for receivables, pledges, guarantees, and regulations.

(a) General rule. For a controlled foreign corporation and a United States shareholder, the amount for a taxable year is the smaller of: (1) the shareholder’s pro rata share of the average United States property held directly or indirectly at each quarter-end, minus the shareholder’s section 959(c)(1)(A) earnings and profits, if the result is positive; or (2) the shareholder’s pro rata share of the corporation’s applicable earnings. Property is counted at adjusted basis for earnings-and-profits purposes, less liabilities on it. (b) (1) Applicable earnings are the sum of accumulated prior-year section 316(a)(1) amounts, without a deficit, and section 316(a)(2) amounts, reduced by current-year distributions and section 959(c)(1) earnings and profits. (2) Property acquired before the corporation first became controlled is ignored, up to the applicable earnings accumulated before that date. (3) If the corporation stops being controlled during the year, pro rata shares use stock owned on its last controlled day; the property average uses only quarters ending by that day; and section 316(a)(2) applicable earnings include only the part allocable to the controlled period. (c) (1) United States property is property acquired after December 31, 1962, that is: (A) tangible property in the United States; (B) domestic-corporation stock; (C) an obligation of a United States person; or (D) a right to use in the United States a patent, copyright, invention, model, design, secret formula or process, or similar right acquired or developed for United States use. (2) It excludes: (A) United States obligations, money, and deposits with: (i) a specified bank; or (ii) a corporation not described in (i), if a bank holding company or financial holding company owns directly or indirectly more than 80 percent by vote or value of that corporation’s stock; (B) United States property bought for export to or use in foreign countries; (C) ordinary trade or processing obligations of a United States person; (D) aircraft, rail equipment, vessels, vehicles, or containers used in foreign commerce and mainly outside the United States; (E) insurance assets equal to specified unearned premiums or reserves for section 953(e)(2) contracts; (F) stock or obligations of a domestic corporation that is neither a United States shareholder of the controlled corporation nor a corporation 25 percent or more of whose voting power is owned by those shareholders after acquisition; (G) movable property, other than vessels or aircraft, used to explore for, develop, remove, or transport ocean resources on the United States Continental Shelf; (H) assets equal to earnings and profits excluded from subpart F income under section 952(b); (I) deposits of cash or securities made or received on commercial terms in the ordinary course of a United States or foreign person’s business as a dealer in securities or commodities, but only to the extent the deposits are made or received as collateral or margin for: (i) a securities loan, notional principal contract, options contract, forward contract, or futures contract; or (ii) another financial transaction for which the Secretary determines that posting collateral or margin is customary; (J) an obligation of a United States person, to the extent its principal amount does not exceed the fair market value of readily marketable securities sold or purchased under a sale-and-repurchase agreement, or otherwise posted or received as collateral for the obligation in the ordinary course of business by a United States or foreign person that is a dealer in securities or commodities; (K) dealer securities held for ordinary-course sale to customers and disposed of, or maturing, within an ordinary sales holding period; and (L) an obligation of a United States person that is not a domestic corporation and is neither a United States shareholder nor a partnership, estate, or trust in which the controlled corporation or related person is a partner, beneficiary, or trustee immediately after acquisition. For (I)–(K), “dealer in securities” has section 475(c)(1)’s meaning and “dealer in commodities” has section 475(e)’s meaning, including a futures commission merchant. (3) Notwithstanding paragraph (2), other than subparagraph (H) of that paragraph, a trade or service receivable is United States property if it is acquired directly or indirectly from a related person who is a United States person and the obligor is a United States person. “Trade or service receivable” and “related person” have section 864(d)’s meanings. (d) Under Secretary regulations, a controlled foreign corporation is treated as holding a United States person’s obligation when it pledges or guarantees that obligation. (e) The Secretary must issue regulations needed to carry out this section, including rules preventing avoidance through reorganizations or other methods.
the actual law source: uscode.house.gov ↗public domain
(a) General rule

In the case of any controlled foreign corporation, the amount determined under this section with respect to any United States shareholder for any taxable year is the lesser of—

(1)

the excess (if any) of—

(A)

such shareholder’s pro rata share of the average of the amounts of United States property held (directly or indirectly) by the controlled foreign corporation as of the close of each quarter of such taxable year, over

(B)

the amount of earnings and profits described in section 959(c)(1)(A) with respect to such shareholder, or

(2)

such shareholder’s pro rata share of the applicable earnings of such controlled foreign corporation.

The amount taken into account under paragraph (1) with respect to any property shall be its adjusted basis as determined for purposes of computing earnings and profits, reduced by any liability to which the property is subject.

(b) Special rules
(1) Applicable earnings

For purposes of this section, the term “applicable earnings” means, with respect to any controlled foreign corporation, the sum of—

(A)

the amount (not including a deficit) referred to in section 316(a)(1) to the extent such amount was accumulated in prior taxable years, and

(B)

the amount referred to in section 316(a)(2),

but reduced by distributions made during the taxable year and by earnings and profits described in section 959(c)(1).

(2) Special rule for U.S. property acquired before corporation is a controlled foreign corporation

In applying subsection (a) to any taxable year, there shall be disregarded any item of United States property which was acquired by the controlled foreign corporation before the first day on which such corporation was treated as a controlled foreign corporation. The aggregate amount of property disregarded under the preceding sentence shall not exceed the portion of the applicable earnings of such controlled foreign corporation which were accumulated during periods before such first day.

(3) Special rule where corporation ceases to be controlled foreign corporation

If any foreign corporation ceases to be a controlled foreign corporation during any taxable year—

(A)

the determination of any United States shareholder’s pro rata share shall be made on the basis of stock owned (within the meaning of section 958(a)) by such shareholder on the last day during the taxable year on which the foreign corporation is a controlled foreign corporation,

(B)

the average referred to in subsection (a)(1)(A) for such taxable year shall be determined by only taking into account quarters ending on or before such last day, and

(C)

in determining applicable earnings, the amount taken into account by reason of being described in paragraph (2) of section 316(a) shall be the portion of the amount so described which is allocable (on a pro rata basis) to the part of such year during which the corporation is a controlled foreign corporation.

(c) United States property defined
(1) In general

For purposes of subsection (a), the term “United States property” means any property acquired after December 31, 1962, which is—

(A)

tangible property located in the United States;

(B)

stock of a domestic corporation;

(C)

an obligation of a United States person; or

(D)

any right to the use in the United States of—

(i)

a patent or copyright,

(ii)

an invention, model, or design (whether or not patented),

(iii)

a secret formula or process, or

(iv)

any other similar right,

which is acquired or developed by the controlled foreign corporation for use in the United States.

(2) Exceptions

For purposes of subsection (a), the term “United States property” does not include—

(A)

obligations of the United States, money, or deposits with—

(i)

any bank (as defined by section 2(c) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (12 U.S.C. 1841(c)), without regard to subparagraphs (C) and (G) of paragraph (2) of such section), or

(ii)

any corporation not described in clause (i) with respect to which a bank holding company (as defined by section 2(a) of such Act) or financial holding company (as defined by section 2(p) of such Act) owns directly or indirectly more than 80 percent by vote or value of the stock of such corporation;

(B)

property located in the United States which is purchased in the United States for export to, or use in, foreign countries;

(C)

any obligation of a United States person arising in connection with the sale or processing of property if the amount of such obligation outstanding at no time during the taxable year exceeds the amount which would be ordinary and necessary to carry on the trade or business of both the other party to the sale or processing transaction and the United States person had the sale or processing transaction been made between unrelated persons;

(D)

any aircraft, railroad rolling stock, vessel, motor vehicle, or container used in the transportation of persons or property in foreign commerce and used predominantly outside the United States;

(E)

an amount of assets of an insurance company equivalent to the unearned premiums or reserves ordinary and necessary for the proper conduct of its insurance business attributable to contracts which are contracts described in section 953(e)(2);

(F)

the stock or obligations of a domestic corporation which is neither a United States shareholder (as defined in section 951(b)) of the controlled foreign corporation, nor a domestic corporation, 25 percent or more of the total combined voting power of which, immediately after the acquisition of any stock in such domestic corporation by the controlled foreign corporation, is owned, or is considered as being owned, by such United States shareholders in the aggregate;

(G)

any movable property (other than a vessel or aircraft) which is used for the purpose of exploring for, developing, removing, or transporting resources from ocean waters or under such waters when used on the Continental Shelf of the United States;

(H)

an amount of assets of the controlled foreign corporation equal to the earnings and profits accumulated after December 31, 1962, and excluded from subpart F income under section 952(b);

(I)

deposits of cash or securities made or received on commercial terms in the ordinary course of a United States or foreign person’s business as a dealer in securities or in commodities, but only to the extent such deposits are made or received as collateral or margin for (i) a securities loan, notional principal contract, options contract, forward contract, or futures contract, or (ii) any other financial transaction in which the Secretary determines that it is customary to post collateral or margin;

(J)

an obligation of a United States person to the extent the principal amount of the obligation does not exceed the fair market value of readily marketable securities sold or purchased pursuant to a sale and repurchase agreement or otherwise posted or received as collateral for the obligation in the ordinary course of its business by a United States or foreign person which is a dealer in securities or commodities;

(K)

securities acquired and held by a controlled foreign corporation in the ordinary course of its business as a dealer in securities if—

(i)

the dealer accounts for the securities as securities held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, and

(ii)

the dealer disposes of the securities (or such securities mature while held by the dealer) within a period consistent with the holding of securities for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business; and

(L)

an obligation of a United States person which—

(i)

is not a domestic corporation, and

(ii)

is not—

(I)

a United States shareholder (as defined in section 951(b)) of the controlled foreign corporation, or

(II)

a partnership, estate, or trust in which the controlled foreign corporation, or any related person (as defined in section 954(d)(3)), is a partner, beneficiary, or trustee immediately after the acquisition of any obligation of such partnership, estate, or trust by the controlled foreign corporation.

For purposes of subparagraphs (I), (J), and (K), the term “dealer in securities” has the meaning given such term by section 475(c)(1), and the term “dealer in commodities” has the meaning given such term by section 475(e), except that such term shall include a futures commission merchant.

(3) Certain trade or service receivables acquired from related United States persons
(A) In general

Notwithstanding paragraph (2) (other than subparagraph (H) thereof), the term “United States property” includes any trade or service receivable if—

(i)

such trade or service receivable is acquired (directly or indirectly) from a related person who is a United States person, and

(ii)

the obligor under such receivable is a United States person.

(B) Definitions

For purposes of this paragraph, the term “trade or service receivable” and “related person” have the respective meanings given to such terms by section 864(d).

(d) Pledges and guarantees

For purposes of subsection (a), a controlled foreign corporation shall, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, be considered as holding an obligation of a United States person if such controlled foreign corporation is a pledgor or guarantor of such obligations.

(e) Regulations

The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this section, including regulations to prevent the avoidance of the provisions of this section through reorganizations or otherwise.

Source credit: (Added Pub. L. 87–834, § 12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1015; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title X, § 1021(a), title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1618, 1834; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, § 123(b), title VIII, § 801(d)(8), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 646, 996; Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, § 1810(c)(1), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2824; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, § 13232(a), (b), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 501; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, § 1501(b)(2), (3), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1825; Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, § 1173(a), title XVI, § 1601(e), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 988, 1090; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, § 407(a), (b), title VIII, § 837(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1498, 1499, 1596; Pub. L. 110–172, § 11(g)(15)(A), Dec. 29, 2007, 121 Stat. 2490; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, § 401(a)(162), (163), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1192.)

history & why it existsrecord from the source credit
  • 1962Enacted · Pub. L. 87-834 · 76 Stat. 1015
  • 1976Amended · Pub. L. 94-455 · 90 Stat. 1618, 1834
  • 1984Amended · Pub. L. 98-369 · 98 Stat. 646, 996
  • 1986Amended · Pub. L. 99-514 · 100 Stat. 2824
  • 1993Amended · Pub. L. 103-66 · 107 Stat. 501
  • 1996Amended · Pub. L. 104-188 · 110 Stat. 1825
  • 1997Amended · Pub. L. 105-34 · 111 Stat. 988, 1090
  • 2004Amended · Pub. L. 108-357 · 118 Stat. 1498, 1499, 1596
  • 2007Amended · Pub. L. 110-172 · 121 Stat. 2490
  • 2018Amended · Pub. L. 115-141 · 132 Stat. 1192

A history note hasn’t been published yet. The record shows enactment by Pub. L. 87-834 on 1962-10-16.

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