7 U.S.C. § 2021 — Civil penalties and disqualification of retail food stores and wholesale food concerns
submitted 62 years ago by Pub. L. 88-525 to r/title-7-AGRICULTURE · 2,220 words · no verdicts yet
This section authorizes disqualification and civil penalties for retail food stores and wholesale food concerns that violate the program’s rules. It also covers bonds, ownership transfers, unauthorized acceptance, WIC-related disqualification, emergency suspension, and fraud-reduction pilot projects.
(a) Disqualification. (1) An approved retail food store or wholesale food concern that violates this chapter or its regulations may be (A) disqualified for a stated period, (B) fined up to $100,000 for each violation, or (C) both. (2) Regulations must set criteria for finding violations, suspending or disqualifying a store or concern, and imposing penalties. Evidence may include on-site investigations, unusual redemption data, and electronic-benefit*-transfer transaction reports.
(b) Disqualification period. Subject to subsection (c), disqualification is: (1) a reasonable period up to 5 years for the first disqualification; (2) a reasonable period up to 10 years for the second; (3) permanent for the third, for the first or later disqualification based on buying or trafficking in coupons or authorization cards, or unauthorized redemption, use, transfer, acquisition, alteration, or possession of EBT cards, and for selling firearms, ammunition, explosives, or controlled substances for coupons. For the coupon/card violations, the Secretary may instead impose up to $20,000 per violation, with no more than $40,000 for violations in one investigation, if substantial evidence shows an effective prevention policy and program, including that ownership was unaware of, did not approve, benefit from, or participate in the violation and management was likewise uninvolved or was involved in no more than one earlier violation. For the firearms and similar sales, the same penalty alternative is available if substantial evidence, including that ownership and management were uninvolved, shows an effective prevention program. (4) A reasonable period set by the Secretary, including permanent disqualification, applies when someone knowingly submits a materially false approval or reauthorization application.
(c) Penalty and review. The Secretary may impose an additional civil penalty up to $100,000 for each violation. Disqualification and penalties may be reviewed under section 2023.
(d) Authorization conditions. (1) To accept and redeem benefits, a store or concern disqualified for more than 180 days, or given a civil penalty instead of more than 180 days’ disqualification, may be required to provide a collateral bond or irrevocable letter of credit for up to 5 years covering benefits it may later accept in violation of this chapter. (2) The Secretary may also require such security after any later sanction, regardless of the disqualification length. (3) Regulations must set the amount, terms, and conditions. (4) If the store later violates the chapter after furnishing security, it forfeits the part equal to the value of the violating coupons. (5) It may request a hearing under section 2023.
(e) Ownership transfers and fines. (1) If a disqualified store or concern is sold or transferred, the seller or transferor must pay a regulatory civil penalty reflecting the remaining disqualification period. For permanent disqualification, it is twice the penalty for 10 years. The disqualification still applies to the seller or transferor. (2) After the penalty becomes final under section 2023(a), the Secretary may ask the Attorney General to sue in the proper Federal district court to collect it. The penalty’s validity and amount may not be reviewed in that action. (3) The Secretary may fine a store or concern that accepts loose food coupons without the matching book cover, except the change-making denomination allowed by regulation. The Secretary sets the fine and may collect it separately or with a fiscal claim; the Attorney General may sue to collect it.
(f) Unauthorized acceptance. The Secretary may fine a person not approved to accept and redeem coupons who violates this chapter or its regulations, including coupon-acceptance rules. The Secretary sets and collects the fine under regulations, separately or with a fiscal claim; the Attorney General may sue to collect it.
(g) WIC disqualification. (1) The Secretary must issue criteria for disqualifying an approved store or concern disqualified from accepting benefits under the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children under section 1786 of title 42. (2) The disqualification must last as long as the WIC disqualification, may start later, and, despite section 2023, cannot be reviewed administratively or judicially.
(h) Flagrant violations. (1) With the Agriculture Department Inspector General, the Secretary must create procedures for immediately suspending benefit-redemption processing while disqualification action is pending. (2) If the Secretary and Inspector General find flagrant violations, unsettled redeemed benefits may be suspended. If disqualification is upheld, they may be forfeited under section 2024(g); if it is not upheld, they must be released. (3) The Secretary is not liable for interest on suspended funds.
(i) Pilot projects. (1)(A) The Secretary must run projects, under terms set by the Secretary, testing innovative Federal-State partnerships to identify, investigate, and reduce store and concern fraud, including State investigation programs. (B) At least one must be in one of the 10 largest U.S. urban areas by population if the program is separately administered there and its administration meets other program requirements. (2) Selection criteria must include improving existing Secretary efforts; requiring participating States to maintain their prior overall effort against recipient fraud; cooperation with law enforcement; State-agency commitment to Federal investigation rules; and the State’s resources and relative success against recipient fraud. (3) The Secretary must evaluate impact, including each project’s effect on Secretary capacity, effectiveness in identifying, preventing, and reducing fraud, and cost-effectiveness. (4) By September 30, 2017, the Secretary must report results to the House Agriculture Committee and Senate Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee, including fraud impact and costs. (5) State costs above the amount the State spent in the prior fiscal year on this work are not eligible for Federal reimbursement under this chapter.
An approved retail food store or wholesale food concern that violates a provision of this chapter or a regulation under this chapter may be—
disqualified for a specified period of time from further participation in the supplemental nutrition assistance program;
assessed a civil penalty of up to $100,000 for each violation; or
both.
Regulations promulgated under this chapter shall provide criteria for the finding of a violation of, the suspension or disqualification of and the assessment of a civil penalty against a retail food store or wholesale food concern on the basis of evidence that may include facts established through on-site investigations, inconsistent redemption data, or evidence obtained through a transaction report under an electronic benefit* transfer system.
Subject to subsection (c), a disqualification under subsection (a) shall be—
for a reasonable period of time, not to exceed 5 years, upon the first occasion of disqualification;
for a reasonable period of time, not to exceed 10 years, upon the second occasion of disqualification;
permanent upon—
the third occasion of disqualification;
the first occasion or any subsequent occasion of a disqualification based on the purchase of coupons or trafficking in coupons or authorization cards by a retail food store or wholesale food concern or a finding of the unauthorized redemption, use, transfer, acquisition, alteration, or possession of EBT cards, except that the Secretary shall have the discretion to impose a civil penalty of up to $20,000 for each violation (except that the amount of civil penalties imposed for violations occurring during a single investigation may not exceed $40,000) in lieu of disqualification under this subparagraph, for such purchase of coupons or trafficking in coupons or cards that constitutes a violation of the provisions of this chapter or the regulations issued pursuant to this chapter, if the Secretary determines that there is substantial evidence that such store or food concern had an effective policy and program in effect to prevent violations of the chapter and the regulations, including evidence that—
the ownership of the store or food concern was not aware of, did not approve of, did not benefit from, and was not involved in the conduct of the violation; and
the management of the store or food concern was not aware of, did not approve of, did not benefit from, and was not involved in the conduct of the violation; or
the management was aware of, approved of, benefited from, or was involved in the conduct of no more than 1 previous violation by the store or food concern; or
a finding of the sale of firearms, ammunition, explosives, or controlled substance (as defined in section 802 of title 21) for coupons, except that the Secretary shall have the discretion to impose a civil penalty of up to $20,000 for each violation (except that the amount of civil penalties imposed for violations occurring during a single investigation may not exceed $40,000) in lieu of disqualification under this subparagraph if the Secretary determines that there is substantial evidence (including evidence that neither the ownership nor management of the store or food concern was aware of, approved, benefited from, or was involved in the conduct or approval of the violation) that the store or food concern had an effective policy and program in effect to prevent violations of this chapter; and
for a reasonable period of time to be determined by the Secretary, including permanent disqualification, on the knowing submission of an application for the approval or reauthorization to accept and redeem coupons that contains false information about a substantive matter that was a part of the application.
In addition to a disqualification under this section, the Secretary may assess a civil penalty in an amount not to exceed $100,000 for each violation.
The action of disqualification or the imposition of a civil penalty shall be subject to review as provided in section 2023 of this title.
As a condition of authorization to accept and redeem benefits, the Secretary may require a retail food store or wholesale food concern that, pursuant to subsection (a), has been disqualified for more than 180 days, or has been subjected to a civil penalty in lieu of a disqualification period of more than 180 days, to furnish a collateral bond or irrevocable letter of credit for a period of not more than 5 years to cover the value of benefits that the store or concern may in the future accept and redeem in violation of this chapter.
The Secretary also may require a retail food store or wholesale food concern that has been sanctioned for a violation and incurs a subsequent sanction regardless of the length of the disqualification period to submit a collateral bond or irrevocable letter of credit.
The Secretary shall, by regulation, prescribe the amount, terms, and conditions of such bond.
If the Secretary finds that such store or concern has accepted and redeemed coupons in violation of this chapter after furnishing such bond, such store or concern shall forfeit to the Secretary an amount of such bond which is equal to the value of coupons accepted and redeemed by such store or concern in violation of this chapter.
A store or concern described in paragraph (4) may obtain a hearing on such forfeiture pursuant to section 2023 of this title.
In the event any retail food store or wholesale food concern that has been disqualified under subsection (a) is sold or the ownership thereof is otherwise transferred to a purchaser or transferee, the person or persons who sell or otherwise transfer ownership of the retail food store or wholesale food concern shall be subjected to a civil penalty in an amount established by the Secretary through regulations to reflect that portion of the disqualification period that has not yet expired. If the retail food store or wholesale food concern has been disqualified permanently, the civil penalty shall be double the penalty for a ten-year disqualification period, as calculated under regulations issued by the Secretary. The disqualification period imposed under subsection (b) shall continue in effect as to the person or persons who sell or otherwise transfer ownership of the retail food store or wholesale food concern notwithstanding the imposition of a civil penalty under this subsection.
At any time after a civil penalty imposed under paragraph (1) has become final under the provisions of section 2023(a) of this title, the Secretary may request the Attorney General to institute a civil action against the person or persons subject to the penalty in a district court of the United States for any district in which such person or persons are found, reside, or transact business to collect the penalty and such court shall have jurisdiction to hear and decide such action. In such action, the validity and amount of such penalty shall not be subject to review.
The Secretary may impose a fine against any retail food store or wholesale food concern that accepts food coupons that are not accompanied by the corresponding book cover, other than the denomination of coupons used for making change as specified in regulations issued under this chapter. The amount of any such fine shall be established by the Secretary and may be assessed and collected in accordance with regulations issued under this chapter separately or in combination with any fiscal claim established by the Secretary. The Attorney General of the United States may institute judicial action in any court of competent jurisdiction against the store or concern to collect the fine.
The Secretary may impose a fine against any person not approved by the Secretary to accept and redeem food coupons who violates any provision of this chapter or a regulation issued under this chapter, including violations concerning the acceptance of food coupons. The amount of any such fine shall be established by the Secretary and may be assessed and collected in accordance with regulations issued under this chapter separately or in combination with any fiscal claim established by the Secretary. The Attorney General of the United States may institute judicial action in any court of competent jurisdiction against the person to collect the fine.
The Secretary shall issue regulations providing criteria for the disqualification under this chapter of an approved retail food store or a wholesale food concern that is disqualified from accepting benefits under the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children established under section 1786 of title 42.
A disqualification under paragraph (1)—
shall be for the same length of time as the disqualification from the program referred to in paragraph (1);
may begin at a later date than the disqualification from the program referred to in paragraph (1); and
notwithstanding section 2023 of this title, shall not be subject to judicial or administrative review.
The Secretary, in consultation with the Inspector General of the Department of Agriculture, shall establish procedures under which the processing of program benefit redemptions for a retail food store or wholesale food concern may be immediately suspended pending administrative action to disqualify the retail food store or wholesale food concern.
Under the procedures described in paragraph (1), if the Secretary, in consultation with the Inspector General, determines that a retail food store or wholesale food concern is engaged in flagrant violations of this chapter (including regulations promulgated under this chapter), unsettled program benefits that have been redeemed by the retail food store or wholesale food concern—
may be suspended; and
if the program disqualification is upheld, may be subject to forfeiture pursuant to section 2024(g) of this title; or
if the program disqualification is not upheld, shall be released to the retail food store or wholesale food concern.
The Secretary shall not be liable for the value of any interest on funds suspended under this subsection.
The Secretary shall carry out, under such terms and conditions as are determined by the Secretary, pilot projects to test innovative Federal-State partnerships to identify, investigate, and reduce fraud by retail food stores and wholesale food concerns in the supplemental nutrition assistance program, including allowing States to operate programs to investigate that fraud.
At least 1 pilot project described in subparagraph (A) shall be carried out in an urban area that is among the 10 largest urban areas in the United States (based on population), if—
the supplemental nutrition assistance program is separately administered in the area; and
if the administration of the supplemental nutrition assistance program in the area complies with the other applicable requirements of the program.
Pilot projects shall be selected based on criteria the Secretary establishes, which shall include—
enhancing existing efforts by the Secretary to reduce fraud described in paragraph (1)(A);
requiring participant States to maintain the overall level of effort of the States at addressing recipient fraud, as determined by the Secretary, prior to participation in the pilot project;
collaborating with other law enforcement authorities as necessary to carry out an effective pilot project;
commitment of the participant State agency to follow Federal rules and procedures with respect to investigations described in paragraph (1)(A); and
the extent to which a State has committed resources to recipient fraud and the relative success of those efforts.
The Secretary shall evaluate the pilot projects selected under this subsection to measure the impact of the pilot projects.
The evaluation shall include—
the impact of each pilot project on increasing the capacity of the Secretary to address fraud described in paragraph (1)(A);
the effectiveness of the pilot projects in identifying, preventing and reducing fraud described in paragraph (1)(A); and
the cost effectiveness of the pilot projects.
Not later than September 30, 2017, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of the Senate, a report that includes a description of the results of each pilot project, including—
an evaluation of the impact of the pilot project on fraud described in paragraph (1)(A); and
the costs associated with the pilot project.
Any costs incurred by a State to operate pilot projects under this subsection that are in excess of the amount expended under this chapter to identify, investigate, and reduce fraud described in paragraph (1)(A) in the respective State in the previous fiscal year shall not be eligible for Federal reimbursement under this chapter.
Source credit: (Pub. L. 88–525, § 12, Aug. 31, 1964, 78 Stat. 707; Pub. L. 95–113, title XIII, § 1301, Sept. 29, 1977, 91 Stat. 974; Pub. L. 97–253, title I, §§ 175, 176(a), Sept. 8, 1982, 96 Stat. 781; Pub. L. 99–198, title XV, § 1532(a), Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1582; Pub. L. 100–435, title III, § 344, Sept. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 1664; Pub. L. 101–624, title XVII, §§ 1743–1745, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3795, 3796; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §§ 13943, 13944, Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 677; Pub. L. 104–127, title IV, § 401(a), Apr. 4, 1996, 110 Stat. 1026; Pub. L. 104–193, title VIII, §§ 841–843, Aug. 22, 1996, 110 Stat. 2331, 2332; Pub. L. 110–234, title IV, § 4132, May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 1114; Pub. L. 110–246, § 4(a), title IV, § 4132, June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1664, 1875; Pub. L. 113–79, title IV, §§ 4017, 4030(g), Feb. 7, 2014, 128 Stat. 796, 814.)
- 1964Enacted · Pub. L. 88-525 · 78 Stat. 707
- 1977Amended · Pub. L. 95-113 · 91 Stat. 974
- 1982Amended · Pub. L. 97-253 · 96 Stat. 781
- 1985Amended · Pub. L. 99-198 · 99 Stat. 1582
- 1988Amended · Pub. L. 100-435 · 102 Stat. 1664
- 1990Amended · Pub. L. 101-624 · 104 Stat. 3795, 3796
- 1993Amended · Pub. L. 103-66 · 107 Stat. 677
- 1996Amended · Pub. L. 104-127 · 110 Stat. 1026
- 1996Amended · Pub. L. 104-193 · 110 Stat. 2331, 2332
- 2008Amended · Pub. L. 110-234 · 122 Stat. 1114
- 2008Amended · Pub. L. 110-246 · 122 Stat. 1664, 1875
- 2014Amended · Pub. L. 113-79 · 128 Stat. 796, 814
A history note hasn’t been published yet. The record shows enactment by Pub. L. 88-525 on 1964-08-31.
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